Articles of Confederation Essay

With goals of making a unified country, frontier pioneers built up the Articles of Confederation. In spite of the fact that the Articles of Confederation helped lead the United States to the making of the Constitution, it didn't accommodate a successful government from 1781 to 1787, never really absence of capacity to control business and force burdens, the inability to amalgamate its kin as a nation, and its powerlessness to authorize laws. Despite the fact that its general insufficiency, the Articles of Confederation (the Articles) had a few positive outcomes. One beneficial outcome was that kept the states joined during the war. This aided significantly in effectively managing western terrains. The Land Ordinance of 1785 appropriated land in a sorted out way among the states. Another reason for this was to make land for instruction. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prompted western extension, deny subjugation north of the Ohio River. In spite of the fact that there were debates about the dispersions, the land was commonly isolated reasonably. (Doc E) The Articles of Confederation saved power and the republican belief system clutched by the Real Whigs of the provincial time. This would take into account the equity of the thirteen states reserving the privilege to decide on various parts of the Articles. One of the significant issues that was not consolidated in the Articles of Confederation was their capacity to control a money related framework. This included forcing charges on the states and controlling trade. This defect permitted different states to make various laws concerning charges that would strife with one another. A developing issue at the time was that each state had their own cash framework which made difficulties when utilizing cash from state to state. With each state having their own cash, and having no an incentive from state to express, the market estimation of United States Exports declined strongly from 1775 when fares were blasting, to 1787. (Doc B) Another central point in this was the expansion in modest British imports. Notwithstanding the way that the Articles didn't enable the focal government to have a focal money related structure and power burdens on the states, the pre-war obligation rose. Cash owed to fighters for administration couldn't be paid to a great extent because of their powerlessness to keep up a steady salary that would come through expenses. Doc. C) Congress had trusted that each state would conform to the duty portion they had â€Å"requested† from each state. From that, they would get around one-fourth of these solicitations. Alongside the money related flaw under the Articles of Confederation, the states inability to bind together drove it to be insufficient for the United States government. For instance, when managing western land, the legislature didn't have a lot of power and states we persistently picking up and loosing land. (Doc E) This compromised the agreement of the states. A case of being not able to meet up would be Rhode Island when they declined to go to the Constitutional Convention since they accepted that expel their state power and would prompt the production of a more grounded focal government. They additionally couldn't help contradicting Congress in that they had the option to propose an impost on imported products. This was basically applied to the business states, Rhode Island being one of them. (Doc A) One of the significant reasons why the Articles end up being incapable was the absence of a solid focal government. One force the legislature was qualified for however never executed vigorously on the states as they ought to have was the power to sign settlements with different nations. Now and again they neglected to try and do this. For instance, the southern segment of the Mississippi River was being constrained by Spain and despite the fact that the administration endeavored to fix this issue, they couldn't do as such and turned over. (Doc F) Along with Spain, Britain despite everything held fortresses in western land and in lower portions of Canada that impacted the United States extraordinarily by disturbing exchange. This turned into an issue as a result of the obligation clutched by the US and the cash owed to the British dealers by the American shippers. (Doc D) This issue came into viewpoint in view of the mishandled rights given in the Treaty of Paris. (Doc D) Out of the Articles of Confederation, numerous extraordinary things were brought to the consideration of the United States government that had the option to be advanced toward the foundation of the Constitution. In any case, in doing so gave the United States an insufficient government from 1781 to 1787. Their lack of ability to control trade and implement burdens on the states was a central point in the ineffective government under the Articles. Likewise, the absence of unification among states and individuals impacted this. The forces allowed inside the Articles of Confederation to the legislature with respect to remote undertakings were set up yet then were not profoundly upheld, indicating a powerless order. In spite of the Articles of Confederations insufficiency on the United States government, it demonstrated to help in the production of the Constitution in a positive manner.

Managed Care Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Overseen Care Organizations - Essay Example The gathering is paid a fixed charge for every month. Autonomous practice affiliation model HMO - This is like gathering model. The HMO goes into contract with a gathering of individual medicinal services suppliers (through a legitimate element - practice affiliation). The thing that matters is that the autonomous practice affiliation (IPA) can treat patients other than the HMO enlisted patients also. System model HMO - It is a blend of the entirety of the abovementioned. The HMO can have numerous agreements; it can enlist a few specialists and pay them compensation, it can have IPA contracts with different specialists, and can have restrictive agreements with gatherings. Purpose of administration model HMO - In purpose of administration (POS) model, the patients took a crack at the HMO can talk with specialists who are not outside the system of HMO, without requiring a referral from a specialist of HMO organize. This gives the patients their preferred adaptability counsel any specialist despite the fact that they need to pay more to talk with specialists outside the HMO organize. A PPO is a type of MCO which makes game plans with social insurance suppliers to look for repayment at lower rates. In this way, the patients pay lower than customary charges when they counsel the social insurance suppliers (favored suppliers) who are a piece of the PPO organize. The oversaw care associations for the most part lessen cost by improving efficiencies. ... Methods Used by Managed Care Organizations to contain costs The oversaw care associations for the most part lessen cost by improving efficiencies. The proficiency can be expanded by ideally using innovation, lessening overheads, improving patient consideration medications, and expanding use pace of the accessible clinical hardware. The oversaw care associations additionally give motivators to human services suppliers on the off chance that they select practical methods of treatment. They give rules on different issues; for example, how to augment usage pace of clinic spaces for in-tolerant treatment; what ought to be the length of medical clinic remain for specific treatment; taking out pointless office procedures and methodology with the goal that expenses can be lessen; and so on. These methods help the emergency clinics and specialists to offer better types of assistance to patients, and simultaneously, to lessen the expense of these administrations. The patients, along these lines, need to pay lower adds up to the oversaw care associations. Henceforth the goal of giving ease medicinal services administrations is accomplished. Nonetheless, so as to guarantee that suppliers don't display deceptive conduct by giving lesser than expected administrations to the patients so as to lessen costs, all the clinical records are saved for future reference and are intermittently audited by outer gathering. Also, quality affirmation surveys are attempted to check the nature of administrations gives to the patients (Managed Care Magazine, 2000). Repayment for Services There are different ways the suppliers are repaid for administrations by the oversaw care associations. These include: Compensation: Normally utilized for staff model; the specialists are employed and are given fixed month to month pay. Fixed Capitated Fee: The supplier is paid

How to Improve Your Psychological Well-Being

How to Improve Your Psychological Well-Being Happiness Print How to Improve Your Psychological Well-Being Your emotional health is key to a happy life By Amy Morin, LCSW facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our editorial policy Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on May 04, 2019 More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand Why It Matters Creating Purpose Positive Thinking Fostering Relationships View All Back To Top The phrase “psychological well-being” is used to describe an individual’s emotional health and overall functioning. The author of a study published in Applied Psychology: Health and Well?Being describes psychological well-being as “the combination of feeling good and functioning effectively.” Researchers have also found that the absence of distress doesn’t necessarily indicate a person has high psychological well-being. High psychological well-being is about feeling happy and doing well. People with high psychological well-being report feeling capable, happy, well-supported, and satisfied with life. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell Why It Matters Studies have discovered that people with higher psychological well-being are more likely to live healthier and longer lives. They are also more likely to enjoy a better quality of life. Better psychological well-being is also associated with fewer social problems. For instance, research has found that people with high psychological well-being are less likely to engage in criminal activity or abuse drugs and alcohol. In addition, positive psychological well-being tends to predict higher earnings and more prosocial behavior (such as volunteering). People are more likely to enjoy positive psychological well-being when they have their basic needs met. Living in a safe area, having enough food, and having adequate shelter are  all important factors for emotional health. If you’re looking to improve your psychological well-being, there are several things you can do to feel and function better. Creating Purpose Living a life with meaning and purpose is key to improving your psychological well-being. Your purpose doesn’t necessarily have to involve changing the world or finding a career devoted to helping others. Instead, you might make it your purpose to be kind every day. Your purpose might involve making the world better by encouraging others to take care of the environment or adopt pets from the shelter. If you feel like your life lacks purpose, don’t worry. There are many ways you can find purpose in life and build a life that has more meaning. You can begin by thinking about the legacy you would like to leave behind. Write down how you’d like to be remembered at the end of your life, or think about the impact you want to leave on the planet. Then, establish some objectives that can help you reach those goals. Working toward your goals will give you a reason to get out of bed every day, beyond earning money. Positive Thinking Thinking positively improves your psychological well-being. In turn, as your psychological well-being improves, it becomes easier to think positively and feel good overall. Fortunately, you can begin creating that positive cycle with a few simple strategies. Write About a Better Future Take a few minutes and write down all the good things that could happen to you in the future. Imagine how you could be spending your time and who you would be spending it with if you were living your best life. Recall Positive Life Events Spend time thinking about some of the best memories of your life. Whether its a family vacation you went on 10 years ago or you won an award at work two years ago, recalling the happiest times in your life can bring more positivity to your mindset. Perform Acts of Kindness Doing nice things for other people reminds you that you have the power to make a difference in the world. Giving to others also helps you think more positively and feel happier.  Helping a neighbor in need, volunteering for a community activity, or raising money for a charity are just a few simple ways to improve your psychological well-being. Practice Mindfulness Mindfulness has been linked to a multitude of benefits, ranging from increased happiness to better resilience. Mindfulness is a skill that takes practice and dedication, but over time, you can get better at learning how to be present and in the moment. Express Gratitude Whether you send letters to tell people how much you appreciate them or you write about the things you feel thankful for in a journal, expressing your gratitude will keep you focused on all the good things in life. It’s a simple but effective way to boost your psychological well-being every day. Identify Your Strengths It’s important to feel capable and confident. One of the best ways to do this is to remind yourself of the things you’re good at or the character strengths you possess. Try reflecting on your past achievements and the qualities that helped you succeed. Practice Forgiveness Letting go of past hurt and anger is key to good psychological well-being. Forgiving someone doesn’t mean you have to allow that person to hurt you. Instead, it’s about releasing yourself of the anger that could keep you from putting your energy into more positive things. Fostering Relationships Studies show that loneliness takes a serious toll on your emotional and physical health. In fact, one study found that being lonely was as lethal as smoking 15 cigarettes per day. Just being around people, however, isn’t the solution. Instead, it’s important to form deep connections with other people. The quality of relationships matters more than the quantity when it comes to improving your psychological well-being. While contact over social media can be a good way to keep in touch when you can’t visit a friend in person, there’s no real substitute for the benefits of face-to-face contact. Have coffee with a friend, eat dinner with your family, and call a loved one just to chat. Strong social support is key to staying psychologically healthy. If you lack a support system, take steps to meet more people. Join community activities, get acquainted with your neighbors, or reach out to old friends. A Word From Verywell Psychological well-being is a key part of feeling happy and able to function day-to-day. Its easier than you may think to develop healthy habits that can foster your emotional health. Start small and try practicing one or two strategies to maximize your psychological well-being, such as writing down a few of your strengths or happy memories. Over time, you will see the effects that these kinds of practices will have on your positivity and overall mental health. Step by Step Guide to Happiness

How John McAdam Changed Roads Forever

John Loudon McAdam was a Scottish engineer who modernized the way we build roads. Early Life McAdam was born in Scotland in 1756 but moved  to New York in 1790 to make his fortune. Arriving at the dawn of the Revolutionary War, he began working in his uncle’s business and became a successful merchant and prize agent (in essence, a fence who takes a cut from selling off the spoils of war).   Returning to Scotland, he purchased his own estate and soon became involved in the maintenance and governance of Ayrshire, becoming a road trustee there. Builder of Roads At the time, roads were either dirt paths susceptible to rain and mud, or very expensive stone affairs that frequently broke down not long after whatever event precipitated their construction.   McAdam was convinced that massive stone slabs would not be needed to carry the weight of passing carriages, as long as the road was kept dry. McAdam came up with the idea of raising roadbeds to ensure adequate drainage. He then designed these roadbeds using broken stones laid in symmetrical, tight patterns and covered with small stones to create a hard surface. McAdam discovered that the best stone or gravel for road surfacing had to be broken or crushed, and then graded to a constant size of chippings. McAdams design, called MacAdam roads and then simply â€Å"macadam roads,† represented a revolutionary advancement in road construction at the time. The water-bound macadam roads were the forerunners of the tar- and bitumen-based binding that was to become tarmacadam. The word tarmacadam was shortened to the now-familiar name: tarmac. The first tarmac road to be laid was in Paris in 1854, a precursor to todays asphalt roads. By making roads both significantly cheaper and more durable, MacAdam triggered an explosion in municipal connective tissue, with roads sprawling out across the countryside. Fittingly for an inventor who made his fortune in the Revolutionary War—and whose life’s work united so many—one of the earliest macadam roads in America was used to bring together the negotiating parties for the surrender treaty at the end of the Civil War.  These reliable roads would be crucial in America once the automobile revolution began in the early 20th century.

The Inconspicuous Scorn Of The Gentry s Acquisitive...

The Inconspicuous Scorn of the Gentry’s Acquisitive Pursuit of Marriage Through strictly observing the final chapters of Pride and Prejudice, it may come across that Jane Austen’s intent was to glorify the marriages of the main characters, in what might seem like an unrealistic or unjustified way. This exaggerated scenario in which the main characters get married to the men they love, and enjoy the copious wealth of their husbands, makes it possible for a reader to jump to the conclusion that Austen wrote the novel to argue that wealth and love are tied together. Critic Mary Poovey interpreted the fairy tale ending as such, claiming that Austen’s goal was to â€Å"make propriety and romantic desire absolutely congruent.† However, taking into†¦show more content†¦Longbourn is a symbol that stands for all of the superficial and fickle regions inhabited by the high society of late eighteenth-century England. Austen defines the mindset of the charact ers that live in Longbourn with the very first sentence of the novel, with the claim that â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.† This line is so perfect for establishing the type of witty sarcasm used by the narrator to mock the society of Longbourn, and keep the story flowing comedically. This opening line, along with the novel’s first conversation between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, brings the reader face to face with the perception of the role of marriage in the novel. The Bennets discuss the arrival the wealthy Mr. Bingley, and what immediately comes to Mrs. Bennets’ mind is her plan to marry off one of her daughters to him. Austen takes advantage of this opportunity to demonstrate the standards of Mr. Bennet, who may be the only logical compass the reader has to reference, more so than the overly-optimistic and sicklysweet narrator that Austen cleverly develops. Mr. Bennet is one of the only characters throughout Pride and Prejudice that seems to care about, or perhaps more

MBA Admission Essay Free Essays

To live is to choose. But to choose well, you must know who you are and what you stand for, where you want to go and why you want to get there (Kofi Annan). My primary childhood objective was to obtain a Masters in Business Administration from the US. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now To this end, I worked very hard at school and obtained very good academic grades. My parents are illiterate and poor. We hail from a rural area of the country. However, my single minded devotion to acquiring knowledge resulted in my obtaining very good scores, not only in the tenth grade but also the twelfth grade. In some of the subjects of study I even obtained the highest marks in the entire state. Subsequently, I joined a college in Hyderabad, India. While commuting to college, one dismal day in June 1986, I was involved in a traffic accident which led to the complete loss of wrist movement in the right hand. Since, I am a right handed person; this constituted a terrible blow to my educational and other prospects. In this hour of my trial, my family and friends extended all possible cooperation. The upshot of this was that I managed to emerge from a state of depression and move on in life. Inter alia, I made strenuous efforts to acclimatize my left hand to the functions that had previously been the exclusive preserve of my right hand. Another source of inspiration was offered by the numerous physically and mentally challenged persons, who had overcome their disabilities and forged ahead in life. Some of these people were at the very front of technological and scientific research. One such person from whose life I drew inspiration is Stephen Hawking, who is an acclaimed authority in theoretical physics. Stephen developed motor neurone disease, an incurable ailment. He lost his voice, mobility and was confined to a wheel chair. Nevertheless, such adversity failed to deter him and he continues to make significant contributions to cosmology (Hawking). I recovered my equanimity and writing skills in six months and obtained very high grades in the second year examinations. In addition to attending college, I regularly underwent physio therapy and I was able to complete my graduation along with the other students of my class. The year 1988, was witness to the demise of my father. This compelled me to shoulder the family responsibilities. My mother developed nephrological complications and my younger brother and sister had to be supported financially. This forced me to keep in abeyance my dream of higher studies and to commence employment. This experience taught me the value of responsible behaviour. A few years after graduation, I set foot in the US and in this manner I came very near to achieving my goal. These experiences served to strengthen my resolve and boosted my self confidence tremendously. I could clearly discern what Napoleon had meant when he had stated that â€Å"Impossible, ce n’est pas francais† or the word impossible does not exist in my dictionary. This attitude proved to be of great help to the management of F.J. Benjamin and Holdings of Singapore, where I was employed in the year 1996. The management wanted to purchase an application software package, whereas my director was of the opinion that this package could be developed by the existing software professionals. Accordingly, the management permitted our group to develop the required application. However, after some days, the pace with which our work was progressing diminished greatly, due to the departure of a number of programmers for greener pastures. At the same time management became insistent upon our showing results and stated that it would purchase the software if we failed to develop it. At this crucial juncture, I took the bull by the horns and managed to convince the management that I would deliver the software package. In order to succeed in my challenge, I approached my friends in the software industry and obtained their invaluable help. Some of them even joined our organization and in this manner I ensured that the project was completed successfully and well within the allocated budget. The management of our organization was extremely pleased with my dynamism, organizing capacity, knowledge, determination and single minded devotion to duty. This reveals my aptitude for management. I had been devoting my time to several orphanages and helping their inmates in their scholastic endeavours. On seeing my friend lose his eyesight, I developed concern for the disabled and I organized a number of blood donation and organ donation camps. Moreover, I successfully established an orphanage in the city of Vishakhapatnam, India. At present I am in constant touch with Shankar Netralaya in Chennai, India, which is one of the best ophthalmologic centres in India, to treat more persons afflicted with diseases of the eye. The MBA Program of UCLA Anderson is one of the best of its kind in the world. The faculty is constantly engaged in research and their findings are conveyed to the students. In addition to this, analyses of relevant international event are commonplace in this program. Moreover, the mandatory twenty weeks long Applied Management Research project, which every student has to complete, is with respect to some real business situation. Thus the alumni of this institution are truly bestowed with the latest theoretical and practical knowledge (MBA PROGRAM). I would like to become a part of this great management movement and my accomplishments, courage, positive attitude, optimism, perseverance and experience of life should ensure that I render complete justice to this superlative course in management. How to cite MBA Admission Essay, Essays MBA Admission Essay Free Essays How do you see your career developing and how will this programme help you achieve your goals? My Background Career Goals I currently own a consultancy company and work as a freelance programme management consultant within the banking sector. Previously, l also owned a high-end women’s wear start-up business which l sadly had to close down due to the economic downturn. Despite enjoying my consultant roles and the earning power it offers me, my long-term aspiration has been to be an entrepreneur. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Admission Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now When l was an undergraduate, l made and sold luxury waistcoats and ties and provided catering services for workshops; activities that allowed me earn additional funds and manage myself came naturally to me. Turning 40 this year has made me realise that although consulting is a lucrative career path, it is not the career path for me. Pursuing my goals to be an entrepreneur is paramount and one false start should not deter me. I am now more than ever, ready to acquire the knowledge and skills required to achieve my goals of becoming a successful entrepreneur. One of the first goals on my entrepreneurial agenda would be to re-examine my perceptions of what luxury means in our today world and how to channel these new ideologies into a sustainable and ethnical business. Why The MBA Having researched many a Global EMBA programmes, l am convinced that this MBA is the right fit for me not just as a hub to make possible the personal growth l require to become a 21st century world-class business leader and entrepreneur but as an environment where women are recognised as the business leaders of the future, congregate with a network of women entrepreneurs that empower and collaborate with each other. New Skills The new skills acquired on the MBA programme on subjects such as leadership, negotiations, economics, finance, operations, management, accounting, marketing etc would give me the confidence to relate more successfully with contemporaries in a global business market. 2. Networks The global nature of the programme’s curriculum would afford me the opportunity to meet and learn from people from diverse industries and cultures, which would create new business ventures and learning opportunities. 3. The MBA Brand Having an MBA from an internationally renowned school such as this one would not only open doors but give my potential business clients the confidence that l am equipped to deliver results. How to cite MBA Admission Essay, Essays MBA admission essay Free Essays I dream of becoming one of the most successful electrical engineers the world has ever produced. This idea may seem farfetched, but I intend to pursue this dream in the not so distant future. To begin with, I would like to complete my MBA degree and become an accomplished student. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA admission essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now I know that it will take more than just a strong-willed personality to achieve this, but I know I’m off to a good start. I have been working as an Applications Engineer for the past four years and a half. With my experience, I have learned how to handle various challenges and difficult situations in a mature way. I acquired an Engineering Management degree which I earned recently has somehow helped me in becoming a better person than I used to be. I am able to handle I believe that my qualities are enough to qualify me into your MBA program. I am dependable, flexible and can easily get along well with others. With my friendly attitude, I was able to gain more than the usual number of friends which has helped me a lot in performing my duties and responsibilities as an employee. I do not allow pressures to get the better of me. With my sense of humor, I can very manage well the challenges that come my way.   I am pro-active, making certain that I meet my projects before the set deadline. This way, I need not cram over my projects and waste precious time crying over lost opportunities or chances. I pay great attention to micro-level details.   I am likewise patient and hardworking. I make sure that I give 100% of my time and effort in any project that is assigned to me. My parents have always told me that education is an important inheritance. Your diploma can actually take you anywhere. It is important to possess a degree during these time and age. Education is such a significant ingredient to success. Without education, it will be difficult to be qualified for the next job. Education is such a learning experience. Without it, it will be impossible to reach for your goals. This is just one of the many reasons why I am interested in earning my MBA degree. I believe that my undergraduate degree is not enough to earn me a ticket to success. It takes ore than just a college degree to arm me with the right weapons to face the challenges that go through life. I can only aim high and earn high if I was able to achieve my MBA diploma in the not so distant future. I understand that it’s a long way to go. That this education will be another tuition and another burden to carry, but I know how important it is to fully discover my potentials and I am happy that my parents are supporting me in my endeavor. As Khan (2000) puts it in her article, the importance of education is quite understandable. It is the knowledge of placing one’s potentials to the maximum. It will be such a waste if a person is not educated. Besides, it will be difficult to train a person if he’s not educated. With the right education, we are able to make the right decisions and think things in a better perspective. As I have mentioned, taking an MBA degree is a learning experience. I am aware that although I have earned my college degree, there is still so much to learn about the world and to so much to discover. Someone once said that unless you find your missing link, you will not be complete. Unless you become what you are destined to become, you will not be happy. I can truly say that unless I earn my MBA degree, I will not be the person I have always wanted to be. Aside form the characteristics that made me unique, I am hopeful that I can be accepted to this degree program and that I will eventually find the fulfillment of my dreams. Then and only then will I be able to shout to the world that yes, I made it and I am proud and happy for everything. Source: Maulana Wahiduddin Khan. Importance of Education. The Milli Gazette. RNI DELENG/2000/930; ISSN 0972-3366 (2000) How to cite MBA admission essay, Essays

The Origins of Halloween an Example by

The Origins of Halloween by Expert Dr. SOLEMN Writer | 19 Dec 2016 On every night of the first day of November, children are found in the streets, wearing weird spooky and sometimes, funny costumes. They knock on the doors to ask for trick or treats and they celebrate parties while bobbing apples up and about. Yet how does it all stated anyway? While some people thinks that it is a kind of demonic ritual while others prefer to call it as an ordinary celebration which started in oblivion. Need essay sample on "The Origins of Halloween" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed According to a book by Sir James Frazer, The Golden Bough, mystery can be found in every search for truth. And in his search for the root of this Halloween traditions as our age have came to know, he have discovered several fascinating information that can open our minds into the real concept behind Halloween as a tradition and custom that have been coloring The first day of our November since time immemorial. The word Halloween originated from the Catholic Churches which signifies the All hollows day otherwise rendered or more popularly accepted as All Saints Day which is every November 1st of the year. Yet a deeper extrapolation would lead us to the discovery that this tradition is much more older than Catholicism itself, in fact during the 5th century before the birth of Christ, this day have been celebrated by the Celtics in order to mark the end of their summer days. This was then known to be Samhain which was done to praise the Sun God. With respect to this, it was believed that the spirits of the people who have died the previous year would hunt for a desirable living body which it would posses on the year to come. The Celts said that this is done so that the spirits would be able to go to the afterlife. The living would not want to be possessed by the spirit, especially since; they are bound to be set on fire in a stake at the towns center in order to warn off any other spirits who would like to posses the living. To prevent any possible possession, the villagers turned off their lights and wore clothes that are weird and undesirable. Aside from that they act as if they are ghost or zombies while parading around the town on the dawn of November 1. It is believed that this action would frighten all the spirits away and they would not want to posses their contaminated looking bodies. Another explanation why the Celtics extinguish their lights was in able for the people to come together in Usinach or Gahagan which stands in the middle of Ireland where a Druidic fire was kept on burning all night long. This tradition is still done by some villages in Ireland and Scotland. The Romans was believed to be the first one to adapt the Celtic holiday through their personal celebration of the day in honor of Pomona which is the Romans trees and fruits goddess symbolizes by an apple. Through this explanation another Halloween tradition was unveiled, which is the bobbing of apples during the festive Halloween. There were also Celtic rituals which include burying apples to feed the spirits on their way to the after-life. The traditions were also embraced by the Christian religion on or before the 19th century. Originally the day wherein the dead relatives and friends are being remembered and visited to give them some sacrifices, offer up prayers and remembrance was on February which is commonly known before as the Ferralia. Nowadays, the day was changed to the second of November and was called the all Souls Day. However, this tradition was usually neglected because most Christians visits the graves on the first day of November and stay there overnight until the dawn of the November 2. From the All Souls Day another custom was derived, the trick or treats. It was believed to have came from the Christian tradition of souling wherein every night of the first day of November beggars would go from one house to another asking for soul cakes or just any other bread or pastries. When they receive this, they promise to pray for the dead family member or relation of the good-hearted donor. This belief was anchored on the notion that before the soul was judge, it would first stay into a place called the Limbo wherein some of their sins when they were still living was purged or cleanse. This was needed so that the soul would enter the heavens purely. According to the Christian religion, prayers are needed in order to expedite the passage to heaven even prayers by strangers. Others on the other hand would ask for prayers for themselves instead for their dead relatives, in order to gain better luck and prosperity. During this day which is originally considered as a new years day. People tend to reflect on the different things, words and actions that they have conducted the previous year with a promise to plan for ideas for the next year. This was done through remembering ones ancestor while thanking them for their guidance. Also it was a ritual done by Wiccan Samhain, wherein they wrote all their negative attribute or all their bad luck in a piece of paper and then burning it so that it would not happen the next year. The Jack-o-lantern was another custom that came down from the Celtics. It originated from folklore. According to it, Jack was a bad guy and a drunkard. He was drunk every night and people are afraid of him because he always does tricks on them. One day he has been able to trick Satan himself. He asked Satan to climb a tree. Since he was good in bullying and tricking other people, Satan agreed. Afterwards when Satan have finally reached the top, he carved a cross on the trunk of the tree to prevent Satan from going down of the tree. Thus, Satan was trapped in the tree and when Jack made a deal with him, Satan cannot say no. He asked the devil not to ever tempt him again and the Devil says ok. However when Jack died, he was not permitted to enter the kingdom of God because he was very sinful before. However, he was also not granted permission to go to hell because he has tricked the devil before. In able to resolve the spirits conflict, the devil handed him an ember. This was supposed to light his path through the darkness. In able for the ember to last longer than it would usually do, it was placed inside a turnip which was hollowed. So, originally, jack-o-lanterns were turnips. But since there are more pumpkins in America than turnips, they changed the design to pumpkins because it was cheaper and are more abundant. Since the devil is somehow afraid to be tricked again by Jack, a Jack-o-lantern was believed to be effective in warding off the evil spirits and even Satan himself. Other rituals and traditions that involves in the celebration of Halloween includes the lighting of torch or candles in able to ward off free lingering spirits from attempting to enter the house. In Ireland, the people would use torches and circle their house on the dawn of November 1 in able to protect the house along with the whole family and their livestock from any unfortunate events. Some even set bonfires in able to honor the Gods and Goddesses. This was also believed to be the rituals done by witches because the line or dimension between the human world and the spirit world is thinnest during the first day of November. Also, the Belgian Samhain custom also includes the preparation of tiny white cookies or cakes that are called the cakes of the dead. They prepare and eat these cakes in honor of the dead. The more you ate this cakes, the more blessed you will be, because the dead would guide you. The black and orange colors during Halloween doe not only came from pumpkins and darkness, but also have its origin in the Celtic tradition. According to them, the orange and black candles burned thought the night of Samhain would bring good luck. If the candle would be blown out, there is a ghost nearby or a ghost would be coming. Another belief concerns the moon, whereas a new moon on Samhain would mean that there are new things that would happen or that would begin. Waxing moon means that there would be an increase in growth and more luck the coming year. Full moon signifies greatest magic powers. A secret wish may come true in the coming year if it was done during the night of Samhain. A waning moon is the only time where bad luck awaits. It pertains to bad luck, bad health and many obstacles for the upcoming year. Works Cited Bonewits, I. The Real Origin of Halloween. 2006. Retrieved on October 13, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.neopagan.net/Halloween-Origins.html Bull, J. The Halloween Book. DK Children. 2000. Crystal Forest. 2005. Samhain Lore and History. Retrieved on October 13, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://crystalforest3.homestead.com/Samhain2.html Frazer, J. The Golden Bough. Touchstone. 1995. Panati, Charles, Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. Harpercollins. 1987. Wilson, Jerry. History and Customs of Halloween. 2002. Retrieved on October 13, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://wilstar.com/holidays/hallown.htm.